32.

(1) Appropriate programmes of vocational guidance and vocational training should be established for particular areas or branches of economic activity in which comprehensive improvement action or major structural change is required.

(2) Such programmes should form part of national vocational guidance and vocational training programmes as a whole and be co-ordinated with other action to develop the area or branch of economic activity concerned.

33. Among the areas or branches of economic activity for which such programmes may be required, particular attention might be given to rural areas, to branches of economic activity using obsolescent technologies and methods of work, to industries and undertakings in decline or converting their activities, and to planned or newly established industries.

A. Rural areas

34.

(1) Programmes for rural areas should aim at achieving full equality of opportunity of the rural and urban populations as regards vocational guidance and vocational training.

(2) They should be conceived within the framework of national development policies, taking account among other things of patterns and trends in migration between rural and urban areas.

35.

(1) Programmes for rural areas should make adequate provision for the special vocational guidance and vocational training needs of -

(a) agricultural workers, including plantation workers, small owner-occupiers, tenant farmers and sharecroppers and other persons engaged in agriculture and related activities, particularly in relation to agrarian reform and other major changes in supply, production and distribution systems in the areas concerned;

(b) persons engaged in non-agricultural occupations, with special emphasis on education, communications, transport and other services and craft occupations.

(2) Such programmes should take account of differences in needs according to the type of rural activity involved, its degree of mechanisation, specialisation and modernisation and the scale on which it is conducted,

(3) Programmes for rural areas should include training in organising co-operatives and in managing undertakings.

36.

(1) Countries in which facilities and programmes of vocational guidance and vocational training for rural areas are as yet little developed should concentrate initally on -

(a) providing information for young persons and adults in rural areas on the objectives of and action proposed for making improvements or major structural changes in the area and on the implications of such action for their work and lives;

(b) providing systematic education and vocational training, full time or part time as appropriate, for young persons in employment to complement informal learning on the job;

(c) providing short programmes of upgrading training or of retraining for adults through existing vocational training, or extension or other advisory services;

(d) developing social and economic leadership in rural areas and encouraging participation by broader groups of the population in development action;

(e) encouraging a desire for self-improvement.

(2) Such countries should keep their priorities for rural areas under review so as to work progressively towards -

(a) developing comprehensive vocational information and guidance services for the rural population as a whole;

(b) introducing or generalising systematic initial training for young persons;

(c) introducing comprehensive programmes of further training on a continuing or recurrent basis to meet the needs of adults.

37. Countries which, for financial reasons or lack of trained personnel, are not in a position to provide adequate services for the rural population as a whole, might consider -

(a) concentrating action temporarily on limited geographical areas where important lessons may be learnt for subsequent action in other areas;

(b) giving preference to landless labourers and other economically weak groups in rural areas, which are in greatest need of economic and social justice.

B. Branches of economic activity using obsolescent technologies and methods of work

38.

(1) Programmes for branches of economic activity and occupations in which the use of obsolescent technologies and methods of work is widespread should be developed as appropriate along similar lines to those for rural areas.

(2) The aim should be to provide vocational guidance and vocational training for persons employed in or entering these branches of economic activity or occupations which will enable them to participate in or contribute to the modernisation of methods and products and to benefit from changes introduced.

39. Extension and other advisory services for self-employed persons and small entrepreneurs in these branches of economic activity and occupations should provide them with information on possibilities of innovation in their work, and on related vocational training and other services.

40. In planning vocational training for such branches of economic activity and occupations particular consideration should be given to -

(a) needs and opportunities for extending the scope of or for specialising the activities of undertakings, and the vocational training implications of such extension or specialisation;

(b) possibilities of improving vocational training practices and, in particular, of providing opportunities for continuing training;

(c) possibilities of combining training services to managers of undertakings with other action for raising the level of performance;

(d) the creation of new opportunities for gainful employment.

41. Vocational training for such branches of economic activity and occupations -

(a) may be conceived initially as a complement to the learning systems by which work knowledge and skills are traditionnally acquired;

(b) should take account of the needs both of young persons receiving initial training and of persons already working in these branches of economic activity and occupations, including the small entrepreneurs and other persons who give initial training to young persons.

C. Industries and undertakings in decline or converting their activities

42. When industries or undertakings begin to decline, workers affected should in good time receive vocational guidance and vocational training to facilitate a change in skills and provide the opportunity of finding new employment.

43. When industries or undertakings change their products and methods of production or the services they provide, workers affected should in good time receive training, organised in co-operation with the industries or undertakings concerned, to enable them to adapt themselves to their new tasks.

D. New industries

44. In planning vocational guidance and vocational training in connection with the establishment of new industries, account should be taken of-

(a) needs for workers, specialists, managers and administrators during the construction phase and after the new plants have been commissioned, and of any need for retraining persons employed during the construction phase with a view to placing them in other jobs after commissioning;

(b) needs for independent workers and entrepreneurs to undertake subcontracting for the new industries;

(c) the need to provide information relating to and vocational training for new activities rendered possible or necessary by the change in the economic conditions in the region;

(d) the need to provide vocational guidance and vocational retraining for persons whose knowledge and skills are rendered obsolete by changes in the structure of demand for labour within the region;

(e) the need to provide new opportunities for independent workers and entrepreneurs whose business may suffer from the competition created by the new industries.