wetzoeker

20 Protocol bij het Verdrag van 1979 betreffende grensoverschrijdende luchtverontreiniging over lange afstand, inzake de beheersing van emissies van vluchtige organische stoffen of hun grensoverschrijdende stromen

CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR TAILPIPE EMISSIONS

A special category are two-stroke engine cars which are used in parts of Europe; these cars currently have very high VOC emissions.

Hydrocarbon emissions from two-stroke engines are typically between 45.0 and 75.0 grams per test, according to the European driving cycle. Attempts are under way to apply engine modifications and catalytic after-treatment to this type of engine. Date are needed on the reduction potentials and durability of these solutions. Furthermore, different two-stroke engine designs are currently being developed that have the potential for lower emissions.

Table 1. Tailpipe emission control technologies for petrol-fuelled passenger cars and light-duty trucks

Technology option | Emission level (%) | Cost

* Additional production-cost estimates per vehicle, relative to technology option B.

4-stroke | 2-stroke | ($ US)

A. | Uncontrolled situation | 400 | 900 | -

B. | Engine modifications (engine design, carburetion and ignition systems, air injection) | 100 (1.8 g/km) | -

** Costs for engine modifications from options A to B ar estimated at $US 40-100.

C. | Open-loop catalyst | 50 | - | 150-200

D. | Closed-loop three-way catalyst | 10-30 | - | 250-450

*** Under technology options D and E, CO en NOx emissions ar also substantially reduced, in addition to VOC reductions. Technology options B and C can also result in some CO and/or NOxcontrol

E. | Advanced closed-loop three-way catalyst | 6 | - | 350-600***

b) Diesel-fuelled passenger cars and trucks

Regeling
Protocol bij het Verdrag van 1979 betreffende grensoverschrijdende luchtverontreiniging over lange afstand, inzake de beheersing van emissies van vluchtige organische stoffen of hun grensoverschrijdende stromen
Soort
Verdrag
Geldend vanaf
29-09-1997
BWB-id
BWBV0002848
Versie
1997-09-29_0

In de hele regeling · Officiële tekst op wetten.overheid.nl