Inspection and maintenance programmes can be beneficial for all types of control technology by ensuring that new-vehicle emission levels are maintained. For catalyst-controlled vehicles it is essential to ensure that the new-vehicle specifications and settings are maintained to avoid deterioration of all major pollutants, including NOx.

Table 1

Source category (i): Public power, cogeneration and district heating

Energy source | Uncontrolled Emissions | Process and Combustion Modifications | Flue Gas Treatment:

(a) Non-catalytic | (b) Catalytic (after primary measures)

mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM.

Boilers:

- Coal, WBB

4) At 5% O 2 . | 1500-2 200 | 530-770 | 1 000-1 800 | 350-630 | 3-25 | no data | | no data | <200 | <70 | 50-100 (125-200)

12) Tail gas SCR configuration as opposed to high dust.

- Coal, DBB

S) | 800-1500 | 280-530 | 300-850 | 100-300 | 3-25 | 200-400 | 70-140 | 9-11 | <200 | <70 | 50-100 (115-200)

12) Tail gas SCR configuration as opposed to high dust.

- Brown coal

5) At 6% O2. | 450-750 | 189-315 | 190-300 | 80-126 | 30-40 | <200 | <84 | | <200 | <85 | 80-100

- Heavy oil

6) At 3% O2. | 700-1 400 | 140-400 | 150-500 | 40-140 | up to 20 | 175-250 | 50-70 | 6-8 | < 150 | <40 | 50-70

- Light oil

6) At 3% O2. | 350-1 200 | 100-332 | 100-350 | 30-100 | up to 20 | no data | | 6-8 | <150 | <40 | 50-70

- BE

14) Bitumen emulsion. | 800 | | no data | | no data | no data | | | | | no data

- Natural gas

6) At 3% O2. | 150-600 | 40-170 | 50-200 | 15-60 | 3-20 | no data | | 5-7 | <100 | <30

FBC | 200-700 | | 180-400 | | 1 400-1 600

7) Incl. costs for boiler. | <130 | | | no data

PFBC | 150-200 | 50-70 | | | 1100

7) Incl. costs for boiler. | 60 | | | <140 | <50

IGCC

13) At 15% O2. Gas turbines + CCGT

13) At 15% O2.

18) With supplementary firing; approximate additional thermal NOx: 0–20 g/GJ. | <600 | | <100 | | Investment Cost: | | | | no data

– natural gas | 165-310 | 140-270 | 30-150 | 26-130 | Dry : 50-100 ECU/kWel | NA | | | 20 | 17

– diesel oil | 235-430 | 200-370 | 50-200 | 45-175 | Wet: 10-50 ECU/kWel | NA | | | 120-180 | 70

IC Engines

4) At 5% O 2 . (natural gas < 1 MWel) | 4 800-6 300 | 1 500-2 000 | 320 -640 | 100-200

Source category (ii): Commercial, institutional and residential combustion plants

Energy source | Uncontrolled Emissions | Process and Combustion Modifications | Flue Gas Treatment:

(a) Non- catalytic | (b) Catalytic (after primary measures)

mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM.

Coal | 110-500 | 40-175

Brown coal | 70-400 | 30-160

Light oil | 180-440 | 50-120 | 130-250 | 35-70

Gas | 140-290 | 40-80 | 60-150 | 16-40 | 2-10

Wood

15) Untreated wood only. | 85-200 | 50-120 | 70-140 | 40-80

Source category (iii): Industrial combustion plants and processes with combustion

Energy source | Uncontrolled Emissions | Process Modifications | Flue Gas Treatment:

(a) Non-catalytic | (b) Catalytic (after primary measures)

mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM.

Industrial combustion plants:

- Goal PF

8) At 7% O2. | 600-2 200 | 200-770 | up to 700 | up to 245

- Coal, grates

3) Reduction generally achieved in combination with primary measures. Reduction efficiency between 80 and 95%. | 150-600 | 50-200 | up to 500 | up to 175

- Brown coal | 200-800 | 80-340

- Heavy Oil

6) At 3% O2. | 400-1 000 | 110-280 | up to 650 | up to 180

- Light 0iI

6) At 3% O2. | 150-400 | 40-110 | up to 250 | up to 70

- Natural gas

6) At 3% O2. | 100-300 | 30-80 | up to 150 | up to 42 | 2-10

Gas turbines + CCG

13) At 15% O2.

18) With supplementary firing; approximate additional thermal NOx: 0–20 g/GJ. | | | | | Investment Cost:

- natural gas | 165-310 | 140-270 | 30-150 | 26-130 | Dry: 50-100 ECU/kWel | N/A | | | 20 | 17

- diesel oil | 235-430 | 200-370 | 50-200 | 45-175 | Wet: 10-50 ECU/kWel | N/A | | | 120-180 | 70

FBC

8) At 7% O2. | 100-700 | | 100-600

Energy source | Uncontrolled Emissions | Process Modifications | Flue Gas Treatment:

(a) Non-catalytic | (b) Catalytic (after primary measures)

mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM.

IC Engines (natural gas) < IMWel

4) At 5% O 2 . | 4 800-6 300 | 1 500-2 000 | 320-640 | 100-200

Industrial processes: - Calcination Glass: | 1 000-2 000 | | 500-800

- Plate glass | | 6 kg/t | 500-2 000 | | | | | | <500

- Containers | | 2.5 kg/t

- Fibreglass | | 0.5 kg/t

- Industrial Metals: | | 4.2 kg/t

- Sintering | 300-500

16) Heat recovery and gass recirculation. | 1,5 kg/t | | | | | | | <500

- Coke ovens | 1000 | 1 kg/t

- Baked carbon fuels | <3 000

Electric arc furnaces | 50-200

Paper and pulp:

- Black liquor | 170

17) For dry substance < 75%. | (50-80 g/GJ) | | (20-40 g/GJ) | | 60 | | | | | 13-20

Source category (iv): Non-combustion processes

Energy source | Uncontrolled Emissions | Process Modifications | Flue Gas Treatment:

(a) Non- catalytic | (b) Catalytic (after primary measures)

mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | kg/t

9) Emissions from industrial processes are generally expressed as kg/t of product. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | kg/t

9) Emissions from industrial processes are generally expressed as kg/t of product. | ECU/t

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | kg/t | ECU/kWeI

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | kg/t

9) Emissions from industrial processes are generally expressed as kg/t of product. | ECU/kWeI

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM.

Nitric acid:

- Low pressure (1-2.2 bar) | 5 000 | 16.5

- Medium pressure (2.3-8 bar) | approx. 1000 | 3.3

- High pressure (8-15 bar) | <380 | < 1.25 | | | | | | | | 0.01-0.8

- HOKO (-50 bar) | <380 | < 1.25

Pickling:

- Brass | | 25

10) g/m2 surface area.

- Stainless steel | | 0.3

- Carbon steel | | 0.1

Source category (v): Extraction, processing and distribution of fossil fuels

Energy source | Uncontrolled Emissions | Process and Combustion Modifications | Flue Gas Treatment:

(a) Non-catalytic | (b) Catalytic (after primary measures)

mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWd

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWcl

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWcl

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM.>

Refineries

5) At 6% O2. | - 1000 | | 100-700

Source category (VI): Waste treatment and disposal

Energy | Uncontrolled Emissions | Process and Combustion Modifications | Flue Gas Treatment:

(a) Non- catalytic | (b) Catalytic (after primary measures)

mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM. | mg/m3

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | g/GJ

1) Emissions in mg/m3 NO2 (STP dry) resp. g/GJ thermal input. Conversion factors (mg/m3 to g/GJ) for NOX emission from coal (hard coal): 0.35, coal (lignite): 0.42, oil/gas: 0.277, peat: 0.5, wood + bark: 0.588 [1 g/GJ = 3.6 mg/kWh]. | ECU/kWel

2) Total investments 1 ECU = 2 DM.

Incineration

11) At 11% O2. | 250-500 | | 200-400 | | | | | | <100

Table 2

Emission control technologies for petrol- and diesel-fuelled passenger cars and light commercial vehicles

Technology option | NOx emission level (%) | Estimated additional production cost

1) Per vehicle, relative to technology option B. NOx) requirements may have an effect on fuel prices and refinery production costs, but this is not included in the estimated additional production cost. (US$)

Petrol-fuelled

A. Uncontrolled situation | 100 | –

B. Engine modifications (engine design, carburation and ignition systems, air injection) | 70

2) Costs for engine modifications from options A tot B are estamited at US$ 40–100.

C. Open-loop catalyst | 50 | 150–200

D. Closed-loop three-way catalyst | 25 | 250–450

3) Under technology options D, E and F, CO and VOC emissions are also substantially reduced, in addition to NOx reductions. Technology options B and C result also in CO and VOC control.

E. Advanced closed-loop three-way catalyst | 10 | 350–600

3) Under technology options D, E and F, CO and VOC emissions are also substantially reduced, in addition to NOx reductions. Technology options B and C result also in CO and VOC control.

F. Californian low-emission vehicles (advanced option E) | 6 | > 700

3) Under technology options D, E and F, CO and VOC emissions are also substantially reduced, in addition to NOx reductions. Technology options B and C result also in CO and VOC control.

Diesel-fuelled

G. Conventional indirect injection diesel engine | 40

H. Indirect injection engine with secondary injection, high injection pressures electronically controlled | 30 | 1 000–1 200

4) Fuel consumption is reduced as compared to option G, while particulate emissions of technology option G are considerably higher.

I. Direct injection engine with turbocharging | 50 | 1 000–1 200

4) Fuel consumption is reduced as compared to option G, while particulate emissions of technology option G are considerably higher.

Note: Options C, D, E, F require the use of unleaded petrol; options H and I require the use of low-sulphur diesel fuel.

Table 3

Heavy-duty vehicle technologies, emission performance and costs

Technology option | NOx emission level (%) | Expected additional production cost

1) Per vehicle, and depending on engine size relative to baseline technology A. NOx) requirements may have an effect on fuel prices and refinery production costs, but this is not included in the estimated additional production cost. (US$)

A. Turbocharged diesel engine (EURO I) | 100 | 0

B. Turbocharged diesel engine with intercooling (EURO II) | 85 | 1 500–3 000

C. Turbocharged diesel engine with intercooling, high pressure fuel injection, electronically controlled fuel pump, combustion chamber and port optimalization, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) | 50–60 | 3 000–6 000

D. Shift to spark ignition engine with three-way-catalytic converter working on LPG, CNG or oxygenated fuels | 10–30 | up to 10 000

Note: Option C requires the use of low-sulphur diesel fuel.